Physiology
Study of normal functions of various body organs, experimental physiology, cellular functions and clinical applications.
Objectives
At the end of Phase-I & II, the student should be able to:
- Understand normal disposition, interrelationships, the functional and structural anatomy of various organs and their development. He should be able to locate structures of the body and mark the topography of living anatomy
- Understand and describe normal functions of all organs of the body and their functional interactions.
- Understand and describe various functional aspects at the bio-molecular level, including metabolic pathways and their regulatory mechanisms.
- Integrate these learnt subjects to the practice of clinical medicine
Course Contents
General Physiology
- Principles of homeostasis
- Structure of cell membrane
- Transport mechanisms
- Intercellular communications
- Fluid compartments of the body.
Blood
– Composition and functions
– RBC- formation, function, and anemia’s
– WBC- formation, functions and Leukemia’s
– Haemoglobin- synthesis and functions
– Blood groups- basis of blood grouping, clinical importance, blood banking and transfusion
– Haemostasis, anticoagulants
Muscle and nerve physiology
– Structure and functions of a neuron and neuralgia
– Molecular basis of resting membrane and action potential
– Transmission of nerve impulse
– Structure and transmission across neuro-muscular junction
– Neuro-muscular blocking agents
– Types and structure of muscle fibre
– Action potential in different muscle types
– Molecular basis of muscle contraction
– Muscular changes during exercise
– Properties of excitable issue.
Renal system
– Structure and function of the nephron
– Urine formation involves processes of filtration, tubular absorption, secretion, and concentration
– Structure and function of a Juxtaglomerular apparatus
– Role of renin-angiotensin system
– Fluid and electrolyte balance and its regulation
– Innervations of bladder, micturition, abnormalities of micturition
– Artificial kidney, dialysis, and renal transplantation
– Renal Function Test
Digestive system
– Basic structure of the Digestive system
– functions of
– Salivary secretion
– Gastric secretion
– Pancreatic secretion
– Intestinal secretion
– Bile
– Gastro-intestinal hormones-source, regulation, and functions
– Gastro-intestinal movements
– Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer, Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation
Endocrinology
– Physiological actions and effect of altered secretion of Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreas and hypothalamus
Estimation and assessment of Hormones
Reproductive system
– Functions of testis & ovary
– Spermatogenesis & factors influencing it
– Menstrual cycle-hormonal, uterine and ovarian changes
– Physiological changes during pregnancy and lactation
– Physiological basis for pubertal changes
– Physiological effect of sex hormones
– Contraceptive methods (male and female methods)
Cardiovascular system
– Properties of cardiac muscle
– Conducting system of the heart
– Haemodynamics of circulatory system
– Regulation of heart rate and blood pressure, and cardiac output
– Electrocardiogram-physiological basis and applications.
– Regional circulation-coronary, cerebral, capillary, foetal and pulmonary circulation
– Pathophysiology of shock, coronary artery disease, hypertension
– Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
– Abnormal ECG
Respiratory system
– Functional anatomy
– Mechanics of normal respiration
– Regulation of respiration
– Transport of respiratory gases
– Lung function test-clinical significance
– Principles of artificial respiration, oxygen therapy, acclimatization and decompression sickness.
– Pathophysiology -hypoxia, cyanosis and asphyxia.
Central nervous system
– Organization of the nervous system
– Functions and properties of synapse, reflex, receptors.
– Functions of the cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and limbic system.
– Structure and function of the reticular activating system, autonomic nervous system
– Mechanism of maintenance of tone, posture and equilibrium-
vestibular apparatus
– Higher functions (Memory, Learning, Speech)
– Pathophysiology of Parkinsonism, a section of the spinal cord.
– EEG and Sleep
– Pain and referred pain
Special senses
– Functional anatomy of the eye
– Physiology of image formation, colour vision, refractive errors, Visual reflexes-
pupillary and light reflex
– Effect of the lesion for visual pathway
– Pathophysiology of blindness
– Functional anatomy ear
– Mechanism of hearing
– Pathophysiology of deafness
– Perception of smell and taste sensation
– Pathophysiology of altered smell and taste sensation
– Auditory & visual evoked potential
Skin and body temperature regulation
Mechanism of temperature regulation
Adaptation to altered temperature (heat and cold)
Mechanism of fever, cold injuries and heat stroke.
Physiology of sports, exercise, yoga and meditation
Cardio-respiratory and metabolic adjustments
Physiological effects of yoga and meditation
Skills
A medical student in Physiology, must be able to perform and interpret the following skills
Haematology
RBC count
WBC count
Differential WBC count
Eosinophil count
Platelet count
Clotting and bleeding time
Blood grouping and cross matching
Interpret peripheral smear – identify
abnormality and anaemia
Calculate various blood indices
Muscle and nerve physiology
– Properties of nerve and muscle to bedemonstrated by computer-based modules
Reproductive system
Pregnancy test
Cardiovascular system History taking
Examine peripheral arterial pulse
Record arterial blood pressure using
sphygmomanometer
Record ECG, identify normal waves,
intervals and pick-up abnormalities
Locate the apex beat
Auscultate the areas of the heart, appreciate heart sound,
Pickup abnormal sounds
Echocardiography
Respiratory system
Perform spirometry (computer spirometer, if available) and interpret the recording to appreciate restrictive and obstructive airway diseases. Locate the position of the trachea and appreciate its deviation in disease. Percuss lung fields to appreciate the change in a note in disease. Auscultate lung fields appreciate the normal breath sound and pickup adventitious sounds Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
Nervous system
Examination of Sensory system (touch, pain, pressure and temperature)
Examination of the motor system (nutrition, tone, power and coordination)
Examination of superficial and deep reflexes. Examination of cranial nerves (sensory and motor division)
Examination of the autonomic nervous system
EEG, EMG and nerve conduction Studies
Special senses
The acuity of vision (near and distant vision)
Colour vision
Field of vision
Tests for hearing
Test for smell and taste
Principle of ophthalmoscopy
Optometry
Audiometry
Body temperature and metabolism
Recording body temperature in a different location
Teaching & Learning Methods
- Structured interactive sessions
- Small group discussion
- Focused group discussion (FGD)
- Practical, including demonstrations
- Problem-based exercises
- Skill labs
- Video clips
- Written case scenario
- Self-learning tools
- Interactive learning
- e-modules